In this paper, an efficient GV1-CG is Developed to optimizing the modified conjugate gradient algorithm by using a new conjugate property. This is to to increase the speed of the convergence and retain the characteristic mass convergence using the conjugate property. This used property is proposed to public functions as it is not necessary to be a quadratic and convex function. The descent sharp property and comprehensive convergence for the proposed improved algorithm have been proved. Numerical results on some test function indicate that the new CG-method outperforms many of the similar methods in this field.

Income inequality in the current era is known as one of the most destructive phenomena. Therefore, evaluation of income inequality and the emergence of roots are essential. Income inequality affected important factors which is undoubtedly one of the most important is intellectual property right (IPR). intellectual property rights May have two different effects on income inequality: on the one hand, with the supporting innovation to create employments productive and entrepreneurship, increase productivity and generate wealth through science and technology can reduce the income inequality and the other hand, due to increased prices of goods and services, and technologies resulting from the monopoly worsen income inequality. So, the present study with using econometric conventional technique (panel data approach), to evaluate the effect of IRP on income inequality in selected Developed and developing countries during the period 1990-2011. The results indicate that, the effect of IPR on Gini coefficient in developing countries is positive and significant while, this effect is negative and significant in Developed countries. Also, GDP per capita and economic openness have negative and significant effects on Gini coefficient in both groups of countries. Square of GDP per capita is negative in both groups of countries and for Developed countries, this variable is not significant. In addition, the effect of the human capital variable on Gini coefficient is negative in both group of countries but it is not significant for developing countries.

We characterize linear maps on von Neumann algebras which leave every unital subalgebra invariant. We use this characterization to determine linear maps which respect unitary conjugation, answering a question of M. S.Moslehian.

It is well known that brain drain has retarding effect on economic growth and development. One of the factors that have a significant effect on flow of brain drain from developing countries is recognition of intellectual property rights by state. Protection of intellectual property rights encourages, strengthens and promotes scientific, industrial, intellectual, and artistic activities and creativities, by reducing the incentives of intellectual elites to migrate. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of protection of intellectual property rights on brain drain from a set of selected developing and Developed countries to the United States during the period of 1996-2009 using balanced panel data approach. Results of this study show a negative relationship between protection of intellectual property rights and brain drain in both the Developed and developing countries. Variables of number of skilled immigrants in the host country and welfare gap between source and destination country (USA) has a positive relationship with the variable of brain drain. Also human capital variable has positive and significant relationship in Developed countries and it has significant negative relationship in developing countries on brain drain. Also Control of corruption negatively affect brain drain.

Introduction: [ 99m Tc]Tc-MAG3 is one of the routine renal radiopharmaceuticals being used in nuclear medicine centers, throughout the world. This study investigated the synthesis and 99m Tc-labeling of MAG3, as well as the synthesis of the S-acetyl-MAG3-NHS complexing agent, which was used for labeling bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a protein model using technetium-99m. Methods: S-acetyl-MAG3 was prepared by the reaction of S-acetyl thioglycolic acid and triglycine. It was also activated to its N-hydroxysuccinimide counterpart which was used for preparation of biomolecule conjugates. All compounds and intermediates were characterized by 1H NMR and LC/Mass spectroscopy. Labeling of MAG3 with 99m-technetium was also well performed. The radiochemical purity and stability of labeled products was done by thin-layer chromatography. Also, biodistribution studies in mice was performed. Results: The spectroscopic results confirmed the structure of compounds. The stability of [99mTc]Tc-MAG3 and [99mTc]Tc-MAG3-BSA was determined over 24h. It was found to drop from 90% to 60% and 99% to 80%, respectively. There was no difference between serum and buffer results. Biodistribution studies for [ 99m Tc]Tc-MAG3 confirmed renal excretion with injected dose per gram (%ID/g) kidney of 41. 28 ±,4. 70, 45. 63 ±,6. 36 and 12. 22 ±,2. 83 after 1, 4 and 24h respectively. Conclusion: In this work, the rigorous purification processes were simplified through adjustment of molar ratios of reactants and the crude product obtained with higher yield was directly used for 99m Tc labeling. The prepared labeled biomolecules conjugates showed acceptable radiochemical purity and stability. MAG3 was applicable for renal imaging according to biodistribution results.

Intellectual property protection has become a very important issue in international economic relations. Developed countries are increasingly treating intellectual property rights as a precondition for meaningful trade negotiations with developing countries, as exemplified by the recent trade dispute between the United States and the People's Republic of China. The recognition of the growing importance of intellectual property also led to the inclusion of this issue in negotiations during the Uruguay Round of GATT, which subsequently led to the signing of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual property Rights (TRIPS) to commit to the protection of intellectual property among member states. The issue of intellectual property rights is not limited to governments and important regional organizations have also paid attention to this issue. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is one of these organizations. In this article, an attempt is made to investigate the issue of intellectual property rights in the ASEAN organization by using the qualitative research method with a process research approach. The question that will be answered is, what has been ASEAN's approach to the issue of intellectual property rights, and what have been the results and achievements?The findings showed that although ASEAN has pursued the protection of intellectual property in line with the liberalization of trade and investment through the free trade zone, it should be able to achieve a fair and just exchange with its business partners and investors. through efforts to promote and strengthen the protection of intellectual property and has a long way to go in the field of full realization of intellectual property rights because according to international comparative indicators, the strength, scope and efficiency of the intellectual property framework in Malaysia Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand and the Philippines are still far below the highest global standards.